Learning Theories Provide Instructional Designers With...

Learning theories provide instructional designers with instructional strategies and techniques which facilitate learning. Each learning perspective discussed in this essay is in terms of specific interpretation of the learning process. The information presented provides the reader with a comparison and contrast of the differences in practical application in an instructional situation. The specific learning theories in this essay are behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism. The essay will compare and contrast how learning occurs in each theory, the roles of the teacher and the student, the curriculum and learning goals, and lastly, assessments. Behaviorism focuses on behaviors and not cognitive or abstract activities. It involves thinking, remembering and problem solving. Additionally, behaviorism relies on expressed, measureable behaviors and the repeat stimuli that cause behaviors. Students respond to the conditions in the environment. Therefore, knowledge is given and absolute. Learning occurs when students are able to provide the proper response to the given stimulus. The methods used by the teacher are the use of instructional cues, reinforcement (both positive and negatively) and practice. When this learning theory is used, the students learn basic skills before moving on to more difficult skills. The role of the teacher in the behaviorism approach is to be the transmitter of the knowledge. He/she is the expert that knows the material. TheShow MoreRelatedInstructional Design Analysis3590 Words   |  15 PagesInstructional Design Analysis Linda Lee AIU Online Abstract This analysis will analyze the process of instructional design. It will discuss the instructional design disciplines. There will be a discussion on instructional design and how it aligns with scientific methods. The ADDIE model will be detailed in this essay. The difference between instructional theory and learning theory will be compared and defined. The most important component of the instructional design process will be visitedRead More New Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesNew Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners The concept of adults as learners emerged both in this country and in Europe shortly after World War I; however, only in the last few decades has the theory of adult learning matured. Knowles, Tough, Houle, and Park, among others, have written extensively on the idea of the adult learner. In Tennants book (1997), he discussed Knowles adult learning theory. Knowles used the term andragogy to label adult learning theory. The andragogical modelRead MoreDifferentiated instruction is matching instruction to meet the different needs of the diverse1200 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent needs of the diverse learners in their learning environment. Most learning environments are structured to operate under the principles that learners must demonstrate and perform to a certain level, which is specified, by whatever mandating entity the learners are either employed by or learning within. This entity sets the standard that will signify achieved learning or academic growth. Therefore it is impor tant as an instructional designer we engage our adult learners, whether it be in theRead MoreInstructional Design1072 Words   |  5 PagesInstructional Design Paper: Dick, Carey and Gagne The art of instructional design takes a unique gift. An instructional design artist must be able to artfully create a systematic structure for insuring the learning process. Through this paper, we will be exploring two educator artists’ approaches: Dick and Carey’s and Gagne’s. Dick and Carey’s Approach Many educators base their instructional design off of a theory for how the human learns. The Dick and Carey instructional design is basedRead MorePrinciples And Theories Of Organizational Change1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthat members are working toward a shared vision or goal. Leaders play a critical role in harvesting a culture of learning to accomplish mission goals. The members guided by a shared vision and best practices to improve organizational processes. Leaders can accomplish their change vision by creating a strategy for achieving organizational goals. Incorporate principles and theories of organizational change in describing the context of an institution. If polled most would probably agree that changeRead MoreWGU Study Questions IDC1 Essay2997 Words   |  12 Pagesrate their responses to evaluative questions 2. Data from Likert scales and continuous (e.g. 1-10) rating scales are quantitative. Allows you to measure their feeling on a scale of 1 to 5. 3. The first question for the designer, following the identification of an instructional goal, is â€Å"What exactly would learners be doing if they were accomplishing the goal successfully?† 4. You can usually spot a verbal information goal by the verb that is used. Often the learner must â€Å"state,† â€Å"list,† or â€Å"describeRead MoreWhat is Instructional Design?1124 Words   |  5 PagesPortion What is Instructional design? According to Dick, Carey Carey (2009), instructional design is a systematic process of designing, developing, and delivering instructional materials. What is the Addie Model? The ADDIE Model is the instructional system development model which consists of five (5) phases which are the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (Dick, Carey Carey, 2009). The analysis phase has different parts that clarify instructional problems and objectivesRead MoreApplying Malcolm Knowles Andragogy Model to Isd Essay2305 Words   |  10 PagesModel to ISD Abstract The way that an instructional designer defines learning and what is believed about the way learning occurs plays an important role in situations where the facilitator wants to make a change in how people do a job or they need to learn something new on the job. This paper focuses on Malcolm Knowles adult learning assumptions and how to apply them in instructional strategies and techniques for facilitating learning. It also explores some of the critics concerning hisRead MoreSample Detailed Lesson Plan in English for First Year10155 Words   |  41 PagesEvaluation of learning objects and instruction using learning objects David D. Williams Evaluation is integral to every aspect of designing instruction with learning objects. Evaluation helps in clarifying audiences and their values, identifying needs, considering alternative ways to meet needs (including selecting among various learning objects), conceptualizing a design, developing prototypes and actual instructional units with various combinations of learning objects, implementing andRead MoreScaffolding And Its Effects On The Classroom1803 Words   |  8 Pagesstudents learn and what they ultimately grasp at the end of their journey through school. Scaffolding can be referred to as a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process. â€Å"Scaffolding† was first coined by psychologist and instructional designer, Jerome Bruner, in the 1960s. Bruner recommends positive interaction and three modes of representation during teaching: actions, images

Biohazards of Sewage Sludge free essay sample

Wastewater can come from a variety of sources like homes, businesses, Industries, runoff from roads, lawns and fields and is treated by municipal wastewater treatment facilities (Product, Cornell). The solid material that remains after the treatment of wastewater is known as sludge (char, Cornell). Sludge can be employed in many different ways, it can be used as a soil additive or growing medium, sent to a composting facility, Incinerated or landfills (Char, Cornell).Bossily are derived primarily from a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage sludge. Bossily do not contain the coarse grit and screenings moved from raw wastewater during preliminary treatment steps or ash generated from incineration of sewage sludge. Another type of bossily may be derived from domestic seepage, the solid or liquid material removed from septic systems, portable toilets, and other systems that receive only domestic sewage.However, since all sludge and bobsleds contain potentially harmful contaminants, beneficial uses must be balanced against acceptable risks for human health and environmental Impacts (Beneficial, Cornell) The terms sludge and bloodies are In some cases universally Interchangeable, while In some cases there are minor discrepancies between the two definitions. Thus for the sake of this paper we will treat the two definitions as equal and interchangeable.While In most cases, the composition of the received wastewater Is uncontrollable, the makeup of the resultant sludge must be known in order to determine its suitability for various uses (Prod, Cornell). When evaluating the composition of sludge, its physical and chemical properties must be considered. Questions that should be asked are: How much water and solid matter does it contain?How many different metals and nutrients does It have and how much of each? What potentially toxic organic chemicals are contained in the sludge? What pathogen reduction process was used? (Char, Cornell). Typically, sludge contains 1-7% solid material and 93-99% water. (char, Cornell). Proper sludge treatment and management are necessary to ensure public and environmental health and safety (char, Cornell).The pH of sludge ranges from 4 to 12, and this value can have an affect on the movement of heavy metals, the corrosiveness of the sludge and the survival of the pathogens It contains Many people, including agricultural scientists and environmentalists are concerned hat land application of sludge will result in an increase of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemicals and metals In drinking water reservoirs, aquifers and the food chain (beneficial, Cornell).While the potential risks may seem to be high In the applications of sludge, the degree of risk depends directly on the initial sludge quality, the way sludge are processed and how the sludge are managed during General Overview: Modes of Transport from Field to Human There are numerous pathways by which humans can come into contact with bossily or bossily-derived contaminants.These incl ude direct contact or accidental ingestion, inhalation of bossily-derived aerosols or dust, ingestion of water (surface waters and groundwater), and consumption of crops grown in bossily-amended soils or of animals that have fed on crops grown in such soils. In addition, a variety of vectors can transmit pathogens (flies, mosquito, fleas, rodents, or other animals than can transport the disease either mechanically or by biological processes) from bossily to humans or intermediate hosts. In order to cause infection, pathogens must gain entrance to the body of the host. Microorganisms cannot penetrate normal, undamaged skin but can pass through mucous membranes, which thus form the most common portals of entry (Siderite, 1988). These occur at the alimentary, respiratory and igniter-urinary tracts (Silversmith, 1998). Additional routes of entry are via abrasions or small openings in the skin where local infections such as boils may occur, via wounds from which infection may spread throughout the body by means if the circulatory system, or via animal or insect bites (Siderite, 1988).These various routes or pathways of contact can result in either acute or chronic disease if the exposure is high enough. For pathogens, the primary concern is acute diseases of a short-term duration (I. . , gastroenteritis or flu-like symptoms), while for the various potential chemical contaminants, risks are derived from chronic exposure via ingestion. Pathogens that may be present in bossily applied to land pose a disease risk only if there are routes of exposure that deliver an infective dose. The principal means of exposure is through ingestion or inhalation.Absorption through the skin is considered to be a minor route of exposure unless a field worker suffers a cut or other puncture to the skin and is exposed. The degree of harm caused by bacterial toxins varies with the mode of entry into the body. It seems there is a correlation between the amount of bossily applied and frequency of contamination. A 1984 study showed that 22. OMG/ha applied to Sassafras sandy loam soil was the upper limit to ensure that groundwater was not contaminated (Higgins, 1984). Doses below 22. MGM/ha of land are acceptable for the provision of nutrients to plants, while anything above diminished the water quality to below American federal standards (Higgins, 1984). Heavy metals and chloroforms remained low throughout the experiment, which is also backed by research from health Canada showing that heavy metals and chloroforms detected in groundwater are t concentrations lower than ones of concern (Healthcare, 2000? ). When bossily are applied to the land, pathogens that may be present in the indirectly by vectors.Virus transport from soil to plants has been suggested as a possible route of exposure, but no definitive research has shown this to occur (Straus et al. 1993). Planting restrictions are applied on bossily-amended fields to ensure that contamination of plants is minimized until die-off of any residual pathogens have occurred and risks are reduced. Potential bacterial and viral pathogens carried by animals that could be contracted y humans include tuberculosis, salmonella, listener, comparable, retrovirus, and taxonomists.More than 50 animals can carry Circumscription. Rats and mice in particular are vectors for serious limitlessness example, rodents may drink treated wastewater containing Salmonella from a local waterway, and the Salmonella could be transferred to chickens that eat rodent droppings incidentally, which then transfer the pathogen to humans through eggs (Kinder et al. 1996). Inanimate objects (such as crops, soil, equipment, and the shoes or clothing of workers) may be intimidated with infectious organisms that can be transported from sites of bossily application.Restricting the harvesting of crops until natural die-off of remaining pathogens occurs, combined with good sanitary practices and management practices for on-farm workers and bossily transporters, has played a key role in minimizing the transport of pa thogens offset. Vectors are agents capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another. Vectors can achieve this mechanically (simple transport by animals or insects such as flies) or biologically by playing a role in the life cycle of the pathogen (rodents).The rotational vectors are insects, particularly flies, but other vectors can include farm workers or bossily workers who become ill and infect their families. Grazing animals can also be vectors. Parasite eggs from domestic animals have been demonstrated to have the ability to be transported by flies to grazing land and infecting livestock (Eastern Research Group 1992). Control of vectors has been an important element in the development of the Part 503 regulations (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 1995, Eastern Research Group 1992), which include treatment and management practices that prevent conditions that attract vectors. Worker protection, good sanitation, and documentation of medical histories and sickness in workers families can play an important role in preventing disease transmission should it occur. Aerial dispersion of bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, electrolysis, and legionnaires disease have been documented (Saab et al. 1982, al-Galahad and al- Aziza 1988, Bigness 1999, and Resin et al. 1997). Monitoring studies are limited, but studies indicate there is less risk associated with bossily land application (unless it is a liquid spray operation) than with spray irrigation of wastewater which has not en disinfected.Studies of wastewater aerosol formation over a period of years showed little impact on air quality (Barren and Kabukis 1980). Studies in Texas showed that bacterial levels were highest around the sludge mixing and loading facilities where agitation occurred and showed that normal heterocyclic bacteria caliphates (Pillar et al. 1996) Pathogenic Clamatorial were detected where physical agitation occurred. Measurements of bacteria in the air downwind of bossily processing or application sites is limited (Pillar et al. 996) and the data collected shows the presence of high embers of bacteria when there is mixing or dispersal (like a manure spreader), but the risk of an infectious dose of a pathogenic bacterial species in an outdoor area appears to be negligible (Pillar et al. 1996). There have only been a few reported cases of bossily-related illnesses as a result of airborne transmittal of pathogens See espadrilles discussions in this chapter). Most of these incidences are related to Nor in confined spaces such as sludge dewatering facilities, composting facilities Clark et al. 983, Milliner et al. 1980), or processing facilities and not related to the rainspout, unloading or application of bossily. En bossily are applied to the land surface, the particulates in bossily typically combine with soil material to form a filter mat so that primarily, soluble and colloidal particles enter the soil. Larger organisms such as protozoans and helpline eggs are retained in the upper soil layers, while virus particles and small bacteria can be transported through the soil to groundwater.The mechanisms of pathogen removal In soil are primarily filtration (affects bacteria) and adsorption (for viruses). Coarse sands and soils with gravel lenses are those most conducive to pathogen rainspout to groundwater (Koala 1985, Wooziness et al. 1998). Most other soils, particularly fingered soils, are effective at removing both bacteria and viruses. Large amounts of water must be filtered to obtain a measurable amount of viruses in groundwater. Generally, this means that it would be extremely hard to obtain an Infectious dose due to the large amounts of water that would have to be consumed.

Nuclear Power Plant

The fundamentals of the disaster While describing recent events which took place in Japan, I would like to tell a few words about the nuclear basics. First of all, I have to point out that the situation with nuclear power plant was under control. In other words, there were no defects of the equipment; so, the risk to the public was minimal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Power Plant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is a need to clarify that atomic fission was used as a heat source; no fossil fuel was used. When speaking about atomic fission, one is to understand that I am talking about uranium. Of course, one can suppose that the risk was really great as everybody is familiar with the situation in Chernobyl. However, in this case the nuclear chain reaction had to be uncontrolled. Such situation with nuclear power plant in Japan was impossible. Another major risk was associated with the process of o verheating. Taking into account the risks, I have to state that the plant was protected from regrettable consequences. The cladding, the reactor vessel, the containment building, and a dry-wall building were the barriers to protect the nuclear power plant. It is also necessary to admit that Fukushima used the reactors BWRs. Of course, engineers had a plan to prevent the consequences of the earthquake. Keith Yost (2011) says that, â€Å"During regular operation, this chimney would be filled with a liquid/steam bubble mixture from the boiling water — in an emergency, this volume can be packed with surplus coolant, effectively raising the thermal capacitance of the reactor vessel† (para. 8). So, one may ask what happened. At Friday, when the earthquake took place, â€Å"the reactor automatically inserted its control rods into the core and ceased the fission of the nuclear fuel. Reactor power was at 6.5 percent, and full cooling was in effect† (Yost, 2011, para. 9). Unfortunately, the on-site generators were wrecked by the earthquake. These destroyed generators couldn’t activate the coolant pumps. Further consequences are well-known. The effects of radiation leak When earthquake in Japan took place, some articles concerning radiation leak at the nuclear power plant appeared. They said that radiation levels were increasing; however, authorities stated that there was no danger. Another interesting position, I would like to disclose is the similarities between the Chernobyl disaster and the disaster in Japan. Generally, I would like to point out that there were no similarities between two situations, as the disaster of 1986 was a man-made one; while the situation with nuclear power plant belonged to natural disasters.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While speaking about the effects of radiation on human beings, I have to state that it destroys living tissues. Radiation destroys the gastrointestinal system, the blood system, the immune system, etc. Moreover, it can cause cancer and genetic mutations. Jamie Epstein (2011) is of the opinion that, â€Å"radiation can cause many harsh consequences to any form of life—whether it be human, plants or animals† (para. 2). Radioactive materials have different span of life. For instance, â€Å"Strontium-90 is only radioactive for 53 days, Uranium-235 in the environment will remain radioactive for over 700 million years, Uranium-238 will remain radioactive for 4.5 billion years, and Rubidium remains radioactive for 47 million years† (Epstein, 2011, para. 6). When speaking about the global meaning of the disaster, Stephen Brozac and Henry Bassman (2011) state that, The worldwide implications of the event are becoming apparent: though a major leak in a maintenance pit of the plant has been plugged, there is still a great likelihood that significant amounts of radioactive water will continue to be released into the Pacific Ocean; the worldwide Just-In-Time manufacturingAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Power Plant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More cycle has been interrupted; and increased levels of radiation have been detected on the U.S. East Coast (para. 2). The importance of safety While speaking about nuclear power plant construction several aspects must be taken into account. So, it is necessary to consider the construction cost of building, the operating cost, the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of decommissioning. However, the most important point, which must be taken into consideration, is safety of nuclear power plants. The major safety components include control of radioactivity, maintenance of core cooling, and maintenance of barriers. The last component is extremely important to prevent the spreading of radiation. According to Nuclearinfo.ne t, radiation doses at nuclear power plant must be thoroughly controlled. â€Å"Monitoring of individual doses and of the work environment, limit on the time a worker spends in areas with significant radiation levels, physical shielding, and the handling of equipment via remote in the core of the reactor† (Nuclearinfo.net, 2012, para. 9) are recognized to be the most important procedures, which prevent radiation doses rising. Of course, it is necessary to regulate the neutron flux. To reduce the level of the radioactivity, it is necessary to reduce the neutron flux. If there is no opportunity to use water to cool the system, sodium or sodium salts can replace water. Thus, the chemical elements will be used as a coolant. Finally, it is better to build nuclear power plants away from towns, cities or villages.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Brozac, S. Bassman, H. (2011). Fukushima: A Nuclear Threat to Japan, the U.S.  and the World. Web. Epstein, J. (2011). Devastating Effects to Environment due to Japan’s Radiation  Leaks. Web. Nuclearinfo.net. (2012). Safety Mechanisms of a Nuclear Power Reactor. Web. Yost, K. (2011). Opinion: What Happened at the Fukushima Reactor? Web. This essay on Nuclear Power Plant was written and submitted by user Slayback to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Different Parts of a Stream

The Different Parts of a Stream A stream is any body of running water that occupies a channel. It is normally above ground, eroding the land that it flows over and depositing sediment as it travels. A stream can, however, be located underground or even underneath a glacier.   While most of us speak of rivers, geoscientists tend to call everything a stream. The boundary between the two can get a little blurry, but in general, a  river  is a large surface stream. It is made up of many smaller rivers or streams. Streams smaller than rivers, roughly in order of size, may be called branches or forks, creeks, brooks, runnels, and rivulets. The very smallest kind of stream, just a trickle, is a rill. Characteristics of Streams Streams may be permanent or intermittent- occurring only part of the time. So you could say that the most important part of a stream is its channel or streambed, the natural passage or depression in the ground that holds the water. The channel is always there even if no water is running in it. The deepest part of the channel, the route taken by the last (or first) bit of water, is called the thalweg (TALL-vegg, from the German for valley way). The sides of the channel, along the edges of the stream, are its banks. A stream channel has a right bank and a left bank: you tell which is which by looking downstream. Stream channels have four different channel patterns, the shapes they show when viewed from above or on a map. The curviness of a channel is measured by its sinuosity, which is the ratio between the length of the thalweg and the distance downstream along the stream valley. Straight channels are linear or nearly so, with a sinuosity of nearly 1. Sinuous channels curve back and forth. Meandering channels curve very strongly, with a sinuosity of 1.5 or more (although sources differ on the exact number). Braided channels split and rejoin, like the braids in hair or a rope. The top end of a stream, where its flow begins, is its source. The bottom end is its mouth. In between, the stream flows through its main course or trunk. Streams gain their water through runoff, the combined input of water from the surface and subsurface. Understanding Stream Order Most streams are tributaries, meaning that they drain into other streams. An important concept in hydrology is stream order. A streams order is determined by the number of tributaries that flow into it.  First-order streams have no tributaries. Two first-order streams combine to make a second-order stream; two second-order streams combine to make a third-order stream, and so on.   For context, the Amazon River is a 12th order stream, the Nile an 11th, the Mississippi a tenth and the Ohio an eighth.   Together, the first through third-order tributaries making up the source of a river are known as its headwaters. These make up approximately 80% of all of the streams on Earth. Many large rivers divide as they near their mouths; those streams are distributaries. A river that meets the sea or a large lake may form a delta at its mouth: a triangle-shaped area of sediment with distributaries flowing across it. The area of water around a river mouth where seawater mixes with freshwater is called an estuary. Land Around a Stream The land around a stream is a valley. Valleys come in all sizes and have a variety of names, just like streams. The smallest streams, rills, run in tiny channels also called rills. Rivulets and runnels run in gullies. Brooks and creeks run in washes or ravines or arroyos or gulches as well as small valleys with other names. Rivers (large streams) have proper valleys, which may range from canyons to enormous flat lands like the Mississippi River Valley. The larger, deeper valleys are usually v-shaped. The depth and steepness of a river valley depends on the size, slope, and speed of the river as well as composition of the bedrock.   Edited by Brooks Mitchell

Stalking Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stalking Behavior - Essay Example Stalking can cause mental and psychological distress to the victims, paralyze professional and social life, with repercussion on health and even raise the incidences of accident and injury. Violent staking behavior can lead to injury and deaths. Legal sanctions by it-self may not be effective in preventing stalking behavior completely. Often the victims is not able to perceive talking behavior, analyze the risk factors, or even acknowledge and cooperate with authorities to stop such behavior. Effective coordination among all including, legal, societal, educational, health care etc is required to counter the problem of stalking. Effective nursing can play an important role in preventing further incidence of stalking and recovery of the victims. Stalking as per the Law on Proscribing Stalking Behavior and Assisting Victims refers to any repetitive conduct, behavior or action where the victims feels stalked harassed or victimized. These can include lurking, following, observing, repeatedly trying to make contact with a person even without his/her consent, not accepting a refusal, harassing or targeting a persons, the persons partner, spouse or relative, silent phone calls, verbal abuse, violent acts against a persons, or anything that annoys, threatens, troubles or defames the persons reputations etc. It has been found that stalking behavior is not restricted to a particular gender but there are greater documented incidences of male stalkers. There are a numerous other behavior that a stalker may resort to. Stalking behavior can vary from mild to serious stalking. It is often difficult to perceive stalking behavior initially. Mild stalking behavior in most cases goes unnoticed. In many cases mild stalking behavior can become more serious over time. In most cases stalking behavior is misleading because stalkers appear harmless at first. Latter on this may transgress to persistent annoyance caused to the

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Project management - Essay Example Acting with integrity as the project manager will not only make the team members to buy into the plan but also become a solid extension of you and remain committed to your methodology and produce a better work. To act with integrity as a project manager requires some kind of tips such as; being impartial – this is being fair and objective oriented. Being fair in judgement and making objective decisions that fleshes out the problems and allow the team to get to the bottom of the project without patching them. Being thorough - finishing project tasks completely and in a comprehensive manner. Being thorough project planner means evaluating project requirements and any gaps in details (Heagney, 2012). To be project manager one needed to be focused on the end business result; team members should verify – within the scope of their project role – initial project requirements and the result that is being expected from no matter when they are introduced. As a project mana ger who acts with integrity you will probably know that you are allowing them to provide their own input based on their subject matter expertise and strengthens the chances of project success. Discussion Experience as an intern in HIV/AIDS research firm I served as a project manager intern in a firm that deal with research on prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS firm. It was an awesome experience worth talking about. The research firm is situated in city of San Diego. As a project manager the biggest virtue I required was integrity. This is because I handled people who are older than me and some were my age mates. To identify self-integration and views of integrity is more of a personal matter; meaning that integrity is a social virtue, one that is defined by a person’s relationship to others, and it’s also a matter of person’s proper regard to their own judgement. As the project manager, it didn’t matter whether I was an intern or not the fact was that I was handling the position I had to make important and Taff decisions regarding the project and the team. As a manger and supervisor at the same time I had to credibly demonstrate commitment and personal accountability for the projects and activities integrity, promote an open and trusting environment and understand how my behaviour as the manager affected the team in the field. I had to gain a lot of skills so as for the team to produce a quality output. As the manager I had to develop leadership skills and behaviours that would be required for integrity management. At times I had to go the field with the team and talk with the clients. This was to make me understand the position of the team in the field and to acknowledge their effort. Challenges and experiences The organization is a big one and the position I was holding is a challenging one. The fact that I had a team to handle was more than a responsibility but also an experience to be gained. Management is a position that esta blishes the scope, priority and pace for system implementation and improvement, considering the complexity and risks involved with the project being handled (Heagney, 2012). It is said that whether you are a new project manager or experienced leader, project management will still reveal

How did government affect agriculture Essay Example for Free

How did government affect agriculture Essay The period of 1865-1900 was classified as an era of Republicans, where laissez-fare governments favored big businesses. Technology was significantly evolving, focusing mainly on urban manufacturing. New technological advancements in farming were sold to the farmers at high prices and shipped at high freight rates. Also, the prices of cash crops dropped during this period, causing many farmers to live in poor conditions. In government, the power of urban industry and big businesses overcame that of the pro-farming politicians. Technology, government policy, and economic conditions effectively declined agriculture politically, industrially, and economically. Impediments such as industrial issues, poor representation in government, and waning agricultural prices that the farmers were forced to face, made agriculture suffer greatly during the late 19th century. During this period, the U.S. was technologically evolving at a rapid rate. New inventions and advancements made life easier for the working class. Railroads, after spreading all over the nation, made any part of the country accessible and expanded the national market. Document B displays that the years 1870-1890, the number of railroads in the nations increased massively. Also, the number of railroads with major land grants grew as well. At first glance, this change seems to have benefited the farmers, but actually did the opposite. It is true that railroads allowed the farmers to expand and have a way to ship their harvest and cattle a lot faster to more markets. However, greedy men like Cornelius Vanderbilt controlled the railroads. Extremely high freight rates made the farmers lose more than they expected. Likewise, the cost of shipping, taxes, low buying prices, overproduction, and cost of equipment, the farmer gained a mere profit. The technological advancements did make farming easier, but often were too expensive for the farmer to afford. In document D, a farmer during a wheat harvest preferred to use a team of about 30 horses instead of the possibly motorized mechanical harvester. New agricultural technology didnt help much or not even as effective as old methods and also was too expensive so farmers chose to stick with the old methods. Technology seemed better when looked at, but not in reality when it was put to use. This is an example that can be characterized by the era named by Mark Twain, The Gilded AgeThe nations government policy at the time was laissez-fare or hands-off government. The  Republicans were in power during this period and favored industry and the big businesses. Consequently, farmers had a poor representation in government both in-state and nationally. Agri cultural process was made, but still were limited gains. For example, a law was carried through the Illinois legislature and then Supreme Court to limit the freight rates and it was passed (Document C). As you can see, it was a small victory for the farmers and others, but still limited to only Illinois. Furthermore, the ones that contributed to the growth of agriculture were those part of the Populist party. The party consisted of people who favored the rights of the farmers. Several organizations were established to favor the farmers. For example, the Grangers and the Farmers Alliance were organizations that allowed its members that shared common goals to organize and unite. In document G Mary Elizabeth Lease delivers a speech to the people, telling them that the government lied to the people and deceived them. She proves her argument with the crop price reductions and claims of overproduction. Also, the government had problems dealing with the Indians and the settling of agricultural acres for Americans (Document I). A huge controversy during this period was the issue of the gold vs. silver standard. The Populists of course wanted the silver standard, for inflation and to flood the economy. This would help out the farmers and miners out west. William Jennings Bryan claimed that the country depended on farmers and without them the country would fall. Also, that the country should be in favor of the farmers because they provide for the nation and are more important than the cities (Document J). The hand-off policy of the Republicans did not allow for much improvement of the nations economy and even let it suffer as did the farmers. Not only did the farmers suffer, but as well as the whole nation because of presidents such as Grant and Hayes. Economic conditions for the farmers were poor and no one was there to help them. The farmers tried, but could not gain the silver standard they needed to improve their positions and finance themselves. Moreover, the big businesses and pro-wealthy Republicans were in the way of the farmers and holding them back. In document A, one can see that as the farmers produced more and more to make more money, the price of the crop dropped as well, thus, leading to overproduction and loss of money. Even if the farmer was  successful, he would have to give up his success to the government and railroads with more power in the industry. Nevertheless, on occasion contracts were signed, for example the one in North Carolina shown by Document E where the farmer would sign away half of his net proceeds, leaving him with hardly anything. The farmer was left crippled in a nettlesome cycle. Many times, the cattle and crops were shipped to far away markets such as Chicago, and the transit fare would increase as the distance increase (Document F). This struck hard at the pockets of the farmers. Many farmers were left to starve, out of work, and poor. Additionally, the poor weather such as hail would ruin the crops or the businessmen would take the crops (Document H). Consequently, the economic conditions did not favor the farmer, even though they provided for the nation, they were ruined by the people they help feed. This period part of the Gilded Age, America suffered because of a weak government policy and the big businesses had the real power. Unfortunately, the farmers were struck with the negative side effects that occurred from all this. American agriculture greatly declined, even though at first it seemed to have been benefited, it was industrially, politically, and economically destroyed and left in a tormenting cycle.